Antibacterial and Antiviral Herbs

Antibacterial Herbs

Calendula (Calendula officinalis)

Calendula can be used in first-aid to heal wounds, prevent infection and treat pink eye. Calendula can be prepared a few different ways, including infusions, tinctures, lotions and ointments. No known precautions.

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)

Cinnamon warms the body, aids in digestion and is used for its antibacterial properties. Cinnamon can be taken as a tea, added to food or the essential oil can be used. When using cinnamon essential oil, remember to use a carrier oil to prevent skin irritation.

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)

Though clove is typically used as a topical analgesic, clove-infused oil can also be used to kill bad intestinal bacteria. For internal use, use in cooking or make a cup of clove tea. If using topically, always dilute in a carrier oil.

Garlic (Allium sativum)

As an antibacterial herb, garlic is more effective against several types of bacteria than penicillin. Garlic is also friendlier to the body than antibiotics because it attacks the offending bacteria without wiping out the body's normal flora. Garlic can be used as a tincture, capsule, infused in oil or simply added to your diet. (If cooking with garlic, avoid heating past 130 degrees as that will decrease its potency.)

Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia)

Taken at the onset of an infection, echinacea can speed the healing process. Echinacea is most effective when taken as a tincture over a long period of time. Do not use echinacea if you have an auto-immune disease.

Oregon Grape Root (Mahonia aquifolium)

Oregon grape root is a potent antibacterial herb, especially when combined with echinacea. Do not take if pregnant, breastfeeding or if you have a history of diabetes, stroke, hypertension or glaucoma. Take as a tincture, but not for long-term treatment as it can decrease Vitamin B absorption.

Marshmallow Root (Althaea officinalis L.)

In addition to pain-easing properties, marshmallow root soothes, lubricates, softens and heals. Marshmallow root also contains tannins found effective against bacteria found in urinary tract infections. Marshmallow root can be taken internally as a tea.

Usnea (Usnea barbata)

This common lichen is antibacterial and antifungal. A powerful antibiotic, usnea is used to treat urinary tract infections, strep and staph infections, respiratory and sinus infections as well as fungal infections like yeast and vaginosis. Usnea is best used as a tincture. No known precautions, but consult an herbalist before using in pregnancy.

Uva Ursi (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)

Uva Ursi is often used as a tincture or capsule for treating urinary tract infections as it contains compounds effective at killing pathogens typically associated with UTIs. Because of its strength, it should not be used continually for longer than 2 weeks. Not for use by children, pregnant or nursing women or those with kidney disease.

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)

Tiny yarrow flowers have a number of different uses. As a powder, they stop bleeding quickly. Infused in water, it speeds the healing of canker sores. As a tea, yarrow is used to fight urinary tract infections. Because it can cause uterine contractions, avoid during pregnancy.

Antiviral Herbs

Astragalus Root (Astragalus membranaceus)

Astragalus is one of the antiviral herbs that works by boosting the immune system. Taken internally, either as a capsule, tincture or buy adding it to soup, astragalus root is known to increase your body's defense against viruses. Astragalus root is best used as prevention, so take it during flu season or before going places with large crowds of people. Avoid if you already have a fever.

Cat's Claw (Uncaria tomentosa)

In addition to being an antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral herb, cat's claw is also known for boosting the immune system, increasing your body's protection against illness. Cat's claw can be taken as a tea, tincture or capsule. Do not take during pregnancy.

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)

Cranberry is a potent defense against urinary tract infections due to its ability to make the bladder lining too "slippery" to adhere to. Full of antioxidants, cranberry also has antiviral properties and prevents plaque formation on teeth. Cranberry can be taken in a capsule or as juice (make sure it is unsweetened).

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra)

Elderberry is used as a remedy for viral infections like the flu and common cold. Elder stimulates the circulation, causing sweating, effectively cleansing the body. Elderberry syrup is the common delivery method and 1-3 tablespoons can be taken per day during infection. Leaves, roots, seeds, and berries of the raw plant contain cyanide-producing compounds and should not be consumed without cooking properly.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Ginger is another herb known for its antiviral and antibacterial properties. It is used to prevent and decrease duration of the common cold. Ginger can be taken as a tea, in capsule form or added to meals.

Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis)

An important volatile oil found in lemon balm contains antiviral properties. Lemon balm leaf makes a tasty tea that can also relieve upset stomach and promote calm. May be unsafe to consume during pregnancy.

Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

Licorice is antiviral and antibacterial. It is commonly used for gastric ulcers as it kills H. pylori that causes ulcers without upsetting the stomach. Steep these antiviral herbs as a tea and drink by itself or blended with other herbal teas. Avoid during pregnancy.

Mullein (Verbascum thapsus)

Mullein-infused oil is a great remedy for ear problems, including ear infection, especially when combined with garlic. Use the mullein flowers to create an infused oil.

Olive Leaf (Olea europaea)

As antiviral herbs, olive leaf is used to treat the flu, common cold and herpes. Olive leaf can be taken as a tincture, capsule or tea mixed with mint. Avoid during pregnancy.

Oregano (Origanum vulgare)

In addition to adding great flavor to food, oregano also fights viruses and bacteria as one of the best antiviral herbs available. During an infection, oregano essential oil (high quality only) can be taken in a capsule to speed healing. If using oregano essential oil topically, use a carrier oil to prevent skin irritation.

Chemical Constituents detail In Moringa oleifera Leaves

Moringa Oleifera contains more than 92 nutrients and 46 types of antioxidants. Moringa  is said to cure about three hundred diseases and almost have all the vitamins found in fruits and vegetables. Even in a larger proportions. With all the health benefits of this miracle herb, it can easily be termed as the most nutritious herb on Earth. There are no side-effects which also has tried, tested, documented and proved evidence to support the same. It can be consumed by small children and adults. Today, millions world over have started using Moringa based products in porridge, pastas, bread and to reap the everlasting health benefits of the extraordinary ‘Moringa’ herb.

(Information is derived from Rubeena saleem  Research work for PhD) Download

 Investigation on the ethanolic extract of M.oleifera leaves has resulted in the isolation and structure elucidation of twenty three (23) compounds, twenty (20) of which are new and three (22, 23, 24) are known constituents. They are listed below:

Niaziminin A (1) Niaziminin B (2) 4-(2’,3’,4’-Tri-Oacetyl-a-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl nitrile (3) Niazicinin A (4) Methyl-4-(2’,3’,4’-tri-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl carbamate (E) (5) Methyl-4-(2’,3’,4’-tri-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl thiocarbamate (E) (6) Methyl-4-(2’,3’,4’-tri-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl thiocarbamate (Z) (7) Methyl-4-(2’,3’,4’-tri-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl carbamate (Z) (8) Niazimicin B (9) Ethyl-4-(2’,3’,4’-tri-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl carbamate (E) (10) Niazicin B (11) O-Ethyl-4 (2’,3’,4’-tri-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzy1 thiocarbamate (Z) (12) Niazinin B(13) Niazimicin A(14) Niazinin A(15) Niazirinin (16) NiaziminB (17) 4 (4’-O-Acetyl-a-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzaldehyde (18) Niazimin A (19) Niazicin A (20) 4-(4’-O-Acetyl-a-Lrhamnosyloxy) benzyl isothiocyanate (22) Niazirin (23) 4-(a-L-Rhamnosyloxy) benzyl isthiocyanate (24)

Bioassay guided fractionation of the ethanolic extract of M. Oleifera pods afforded a number of fractions. Flash column chromatography (FCC) of the petroleum ether soluble fraction (APES) of the acidic fraction gave three pure compounds (77, 78 and 79) along with β-sitosterol. Compounds 78 and 79 are new constituents. Compound 77 and β-sitosterol possess hypotensive activity. GC and GCMS of the remaining fractions of FCC led to the identification of sixty three (63) constituents, seventeen (17) of which (43,46,48,49,59,61,65,66,68,72,74,76,83, and 89 and 90) are new. All the compounds isolated/detected from the fraction APES of pods are listed below:

Pentacosane (26) Heptacosane (27) Nonacosane (28) Sulfur (S8) Methyl hexadecanoate (29) Ethyl pentadecanoate (30) Ethyl hexadecanoate (31) Ethyl heptadecanoate (32) Methyl octadecanoate (3) Ethyl octadecanoate (34) Ethyl eicosanoae (35) Ethyl docosanoate (36) Ethyl 9-octadecenoate (37) Ethyl tricosanoate (38) Ethyl-9-hexadecenoate (39) Methyl octadeca-9, 12-dienoate (40) Ethyl heptadeca-9, 12-dienoate (41) Ethyl 9-nonadecenoate (42) 9-Methyl octadecane nitrile (43) Isothiocyanato-4-hexenoic acid (44) Isothiocyanato-3-pentenoic acid (45) 7-(p-Hydroxy) phenoxy heptanoic acid (46) (p-Hydroxy) Phenoxy acetic acid (47) 4-(p-Hydroxy) Phenyl ethylbutanoate (48) Isothiocyanato hexanoic acid (49) Octadecanoic acid (50) Eicosanoic acid (51) Tetracosanoic acid (52) β-Sitosterol Propyl-p-hydroxy benzoate (53) Heptadecadien – 2 one (54) 6-Methyl docosane (55) Ethyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate (56) Docoasen-8-ol (57) p-Hydroxyphenyl methoxyethance (58) 6, 9-Dimethyl dodecanoic acid (59) 8-Heptadecanol (60) 8-Nonadecanol (61) 9-Methyl pentadecene isothiocyanate (62) Hexadecanoic acid (63) 6-Methyl eicosane (64) 1-Ethoxytricontane (65) 1-Ethoxyheptadecane (66) Heptadecane nitrile (67) 10-Methyl nonadecane isocyanate (68) Tridecene (69) p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (70) 9-Octadecenoic acid (71) 4, 10-Dimethyl-13-nonacosanol (72) Docosanoic acid (73) 15-Cyano-2-methyl pentadecanoic acid (74) 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (75) 4,11-Dimethyl-12-docosanol(76) Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (77) 11-Cabonyl-12, 16-dioxo-14-hydroxy-18-tricoasene (78) Ethy1-4(a-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl carbamate (79) p-Hydroxybenzyl ethyl carbamate (80) Tetradecanoic acid (81) Heptadecanoic acid (82) Dodecanyl isothiocyanate (83) 9-Methyl-eicoasen-1, 11-diol (84) p-Aminobenzaldehyde (85) p-Hydroxyphenyl acetonitrile (86) 2-Octadecanone (87) Methyl 9-octadecenoate (88) Tetradecanyl isothiocyanate (89) 1-Ethoxypentadecane (90)

Bioassay guided fractionation of the neutral petroleum ether insoluble fraction (NPE1) of the ethanolic extract of M.oleifera pods employing vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), GC and GCMS techniques have resulted in the isolation/detection and identification of the following compounds, fourteen (14) of these (1, 2, 6, 13-15, 93-98, 100 and 101) are new. Glycosides 1, 2, 6, 13-15 and 24 have been found to be the hypotensie principles f the pods as in case of the leaves.

Heptadecane isocyanate (91) Octadecane isocyanate (92) Tricosane isothiocyanate (93) Henicosane carbamic acid (94) 4,5-Dimethyl decane (95) Ethyl-14-henicosenoate (96) Methyl-15-cyano-pentadecanoate (97) Methyl-1amino-pentasulfide-5-sulfinate (98) Tricosane (99) O-Ethy1-4-hydroxybenzyl thiocarbamate (100) Niaziminin A (1) Niaziminin B(2) O-Methyl-4(2’,3’,4’-tri-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl thiocarbamate (E) (6) Niazinin A (15) Niazinin B (13) Niazimicin A (14) 4-(a-L-Rhamnosyloxy) benzylisothiocyanae (24) Niazidin (101)

Following Information is derived  about Moringa- (Excerpt From The Book “Miracle Tree” by Author Monica G.Marcu,Pharm.D., PH.D.)

• 92 Nutrients
• 46 Antioxidants
• 36 Anti-Inflammatories
• 18 Amino Acids, 9 Essential Amino Acids
• Nourishes The Immune System
• Promotes Healthy Circulation
• Supports Normal Glucose Levels
• Natural Anti-Aging Benefits
• Provides Anti-Inflammatory Support
• Promotes Healthy Digestion
• Promotes Heightened Mental Clarity
• Boosts Energy Without Caffeine
• Encourages Balanced Metabolism
• Promotes Softer Skin
• Provides Relief From Acne
• Supports Normal Hormone Levels
Rare for a plant source -Moringa leaves contain all the essential amino acids to build strong healthy bodies.

Examples of some few nutritional value of Moringa- ( Gram-for-gram comparison of nutritional data)

• 2times -the Protein of Yogurt
• 3times – the Potassium of Bananas
• 4times – the Calcium of Milk
• 4times – the Vitamin A of Carrots
• 7times -the Vitamin C of Oranges

The Vitamin component of Moringa Leaves:

Moringa has Vitamin A (Beta Carotene), Vitamin B1 (Thiamine), Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (Niacin), Vitamin B6 Pyrodixine), Vitamin B7 (Biotin), Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid), Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol), Vitamin E (Tocopherol) and Vitamin K.

Vitamin A (Beta Carotene), Vitamin A is a vitamin which is needed by the retina of the eye in the form of a specific metabolite, the light-absorbing molecule retinal. This molecule is absolutely necessary for both “Scotopic”scotopic and color vision. Vitamin A also functions in a very different role, as an irreversibly oxidized form retinoic acid, which is an important hormone-like growth factor for epithelial and other cells.

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) helps fuel the body by converting blood sugar into energy. It keeps the mucous membranes healthy and is essential for nervous system, cardiovascular and muscular function.

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) is required for a wide variety of cellular processes.   Like the other B vitamins, it plays a key role in energy metabolism, and for the metabolism of fats, ketone bodies, carbohydrates, and proteins.  It is the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, and is therefore required by all  “Flavoprotein”flavoproteins.

Vitamin B3 (Niacin), like all B complex vitamins, are necessary for healthy skin, hair, eyes, and liver. They also help the nervous system function properly.  Niacin also helps the body make various sex and stress-related hormones in the adrenal glands and other parts of the body. Niacin is effective in improving circulation and reducing cholesterol levels in the blood.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is required for the synthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine and for myelin formation. Pyridoxine deficiency in adults principally affects the peripheral nerves, skin, mucous membranes, and the blood cell system. In children, the central nervous system (CNS) is also affected. Deficiency can occur in people with uremia, alcoholism, cirrhosis, hyperthyroidism, malabsorption syndromes, congestive heart failure (CHF), and in those taking certain medications.

Vitamin B7 (Biotin) has vital metabolic functions. Without biotin as a co-factor, many enzymes do not work properly, and serious complications can occur, including varied diseases of the skin, intestinal tract, and nervous system. Biotin can help address high blood glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes, and is helpful in maintaining healthy hair and nails, decreasing insulin resistance and improving glucose tolerance, and possibly preventing birth defects. It plays a role in energy metabolism, and has been used to treat alopecia, cancer, Crohn’s disease, hair loss, Parkinson’s disease, peripheral neuropathy, Rett syndrome, seborrheic dermatitis, and vaginal candidiasis.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)is one of the safest and most effective nutrients, experts say. It may not be the cure for the common cold (though it’s thought to help prevent more serious complications). But the benefits of vitamin C may include protection against immune system deficiencies, cardiovascular disease, prenatal health problems, eye disease, and even skin wrinkling.

Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)  is essential for promoting calcium absorption in the gut and maintaining adequate serum calcium and phosphate concentrations to enable normal mineralization of bone and prevent hypocalcemic tetany. It is also needed for bone growth and bone remodeling by osteoblasts and osteoclasts . Without sufficient vitamin D, bones can become thin, brittle, or misshapen. Vitamin D sufficiency prevents rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Together with calcium, vitamin D also helps protect older adults from osteoporosis.  Vitamin D has other roles in human health, including modulation of neuromuscular and immune function and reduction of inflammation.

Vitamin E describes a family of 8 antioxidants, 4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols. alpha-tocopherol (a-tocopherol) is the only form of vitamin E that is actively maintained in the human body and is therefore, the form of vitamin E found in the largest quantities in the blood and tissue.  Vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin, protects vitamin A and essential fatty acids from oxidation in the body cells and prevents breakdown of body tissues.

Vitamin K is necessary for normal clotting of blood in humans. Specifically, vitamin K is required for the liver to make factors that are necessary for blood to properly clot (coagulate), including factor II (prothrombin), factor VII (proconvertin), factor IX (thromboplastin component), and factor X (Stuart factor). Other clotting factors that depend on vitamin K are protein C, protein S, and protein Z. Deficiency of vitamin K or disturbances of liver function (for example, severe liver failure) may lead to deficiencies of clotting factors and excess bleeding.

Amino Acids:  The foundation of our body.

Our bodies need twenty different amino acids or proteins that are the building blocks for a healthy body. Nonessential amino acids are those that the body can synthesize for itself, provided there is enough nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen available. Essential amino acids are those supplied by the diet.  They must be consumed as the human body either cannot make them at all or cannot make them in sufficient quantity to meet its needs. ?Of the 20 amino acids required by our bodies, eleven of them are nonessential and nine are essential.

Functions of Amino Acids: Proteins act as enzymes , hormones , and antibodies . They maintain fluid balance and acid and base balance. They also transport substances such as oxygen, vitamins and minerals to target cells throughout the body. Structural proteins, such as collagen and keratin, are responsible for the formation of bones, teeth, hair, and the outer layer of skin and they help maintain the structure of blood vessels and other tissues.
Enzymes are proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process. Hormones (chemical messengers) are proteins that travel to one or more specific target tissues or organs, and many have important regulatory functions. Insulin , for example, plays a key role in regulating the amount of glucose in the blood. The body manufactures antibodies (giant protein molecules), which combat invading antigens. Antigens are usually foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses that have entered the body and could potentially be harmful. Immunoproteins, also called immunoglobulins or antibodies, defend the body from possible attack by these invaders by binding to the antigens and inactivating them.

If these critical components for a healthy body are not provided as part of a healthy diet, the body will look for other sources for them.  This can include breakdown of our organs, leading to chronic problems such as liver and kidney problems, diabetes and heart disease among others.

MORINGA AS FOOD Moringa is considered a complete food as it contains all of the essential Amino Acids required for a healthy body.  The dried leaf is a nutritional powerhouse and contains all of the following Amino Acids.

ISOLEUCINE builds proteins and enzymes and it provides ingredients used to create other essential biochemical components in the body, some of which promote energy and stimulate the brain to maintain a state of alertness.

LEUCINE works with isoleucine to build proteins and enzymes which enhance the body’s energy and alertness.

LYSINE ensures your body absorbs the right amount of calcium. It also helps form collagen used in bone cartilage and connective tissues. In addition, lysine aids in the production of antibodies, hormones, and enzymes. Recent studies have shown lysine improves the balance of nutrients that reduce viral growth.

METHIONINE primarily supplies sulfur to your body. It is known to prevent hair,

skin, and nail problems while lowering cholesterol levels as it increases the liver’s production of lecithin. Methionine reduces liver fat and protects the kidneys, which reduces bladder irritation.

PHENYLALAINE produces the chemical needed to transmit signals between nerve cells and the brain. It can help with concentration and alertness, reduce hunger pains and improve memory and mood.

THREONINE is an important part of collagen, elastin, and enamel proteins.  It assists metabolism and helps prevent fat build-up in the liver while boosting the body’s digestive and intestinal tracts.

TRYPTOPHAN supports the immune system, alleviates insomnia, reduces anxiety, depression, and the symptoms of migraine headaches. It also is beneficial in decreasing the risk of artery and heart spasms as it works with lysine to reduce cholesterol levels.

VALINE is important in promoting a sharp mind, coordinated muscles, and a calm mood.

Non-essential amino acids in Moringa

ALANINE is important for energy in muscle tissue, brain, and central nervous system. It strengthens the immune system by producing antibodies. Alanine also helps in the healthy metabolism of sugars and organic acids in the body.
ARGININE causes the release of the growth hormones considered crucial for optimal muscle growth and tissue repair. It also improves immune responses to bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells while promoting the healing of the body’s wounds.

ASPARTIC ACID helps rid the body of ammonia created by cellular waste. When the ammonia enters the circulatory system it can act as a highly toxic substance which can damage the central nervous system. Recent studies have also shown that aspartic acid may decrease fatigue and increase endurance.

CYSTINE functions as an antioxidant and is a powerful aid to the body in protecting against radiation and pollution. It can help slow the aging process, deactivate free radicals, and neutralize toxins. It also aids in protein synthesis and presents cellular change. It is necessary for the formation of new skin cells, which aids in the recovery from burns and surgical operations.

GLUTAMIC ACID is food for the brain. It improves mental capacities, helps speed the healing of ulcers, reduces fatigue, and curbs sugar cravings.

GLYCINE promotes the release of oxygen required in the cell-making process. It is also important in the manufacturing of hormones responsible for a strong immune system.

HISTIDINE is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, ulcers, and anemia. A lack of histidine may lead to poor hearing.

SERINE is important in storing glucose in the liver and muscles. Its antibodies help strengthen the body’s immune system. Plus, it synthesizes fatty acid sheaths around nerve fibers.

PROLINE is extremely important for the proper function of your joints and tendons. It also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles.

TYROSINE transmits nerve impulses to your brain. It helps overcome depression; improves memory; increases mental alertness; plus promotes the healthy functioning of the thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands.

This Section is derived from Thesis of Dr Robeena Saleem

This part of the thesis deals with the chemistry of potential biologically significant derivatives of 8-hydroxyquinolineemploying simple reactions and Mannich reaction. As a result, preparation of twenty one (21) new (2-8, 10-13, 16-18, 22-24, 32-34 and 36) derivatives has been achieved. Most of these compounds were found promising antibacterial, antifungal, antiplatelet aggregating, cytotoxic and analgesic agents. List of the compounds prepared is as follows.

Mannich Reaction Products

7-[a-(3”, 4”-Dichloroanilino) benzyl]-8-hydroxyquinoline (2) 7-[a-(N-Acetyl-3”,4”-Dichloroanilino) benzyl]-8-hydroxyquinoline (3) 7-[a-(N-Formyl-3”,4”-Dichloroanilino) benzyl]-8-hydroxyquinoline (4) 7-[a-(N-Benzoyl-3”,4”-Dichloroanilino) benzyl]-8-hydroxyquinoline (5) 8-Oxy-[a-(3”,4” Dichloroanilino) benzyl]-quinoline (6) 7-[a-(3”,4”-Dichloroanilino)-3’-nitrobenzyl]-8-hydroxyquinoline (7) 7-[a-(N-Acetyl-3”,4”-Dichloroanilino)-3’-nitrobenzyl]-8-hydroxyquinoline (8) 7-[a-(Anilino) benzyl]-8-hydroxyquinoline (9) 7-[a-(N-Acetyl anilino) benzyl]-8-acetoxyquinoline (10) 7-[a-(N,N-Dimethyl aniline)-benzyl]-8-hydroxyquinolinium iodide (11) 7-(a-3’-Nitrobenzyl)-bis-8-hydroxyquinoline (12) 7-(a-3’-Nitrobenzyl)-bis-8-methoxyquinoline(13) 2,6-Dichloro-N-(3’-nitrobenzylidene) aniline (16) 2,6-Dichloro-N-(a-hydroxy-3’-nitrobenzyl) aniline (17) 7-(a-Hydroxy-3’-nitrobenzyl)-8-hydroxquinoline (18) 7-(a-Ethoxybenzyl)-8-hydroxquinoline (20) 7-(a-Hydroxybenzyl)-8-hydroxyquinoline (21) 8-[a-(a’-Hydroxybenzyloxy) benzyl)-8hydroxyquinoline (22) 7-[a-(a’-Acetoxybenzyloxy) benzyl]-8-acetoxyquinoline(23) 7-[a-(a’-Hydroxybenzyloxy) benzyl]-8-methoxyquinoline (24)

Simple Reaction Products

8-Methoxyquinoline (25) N-Methyl-18methoxyquinolinium iodide (26) 8-Ethoxyquinoline (27) N-Ethyl-8-ethoxyquinolinium iodide(28) 8-Propyloxyquinoline (29) N-Propyl-8-propyloxyquinolinium bromide (30) 8-Butyloxyquinoline (31) N-Butyl-8-butyloxyquinolinium bromide(32) 8-Pentyloxyquinoline (33) N-Pentyl-8-pentyloxyquinoliniumbromide (34) 8-Benzyloxyquinoline (35) N-Benzyl-8-Benzyloxyquinolinium chloride(36) 8-Allyloxyquinoline (37) 8-(p-Nitro) benzyloxyquinoline (38) 8-Crotonoyloxyquinoline (39) 8-Acetoxyquinoline (40) 8-Benzoyloxyquinoline (41) 8-Benzenesulfonyloxyquinoline (42) 8-(p-Toluene) sulfonyloxyquinoline (43) 8-Cinnamoyloxy quinoline (44) 8-Crotonoyloxyquinolinium hydrochloride (45) 8-Cinnamoyloxyquinolinium hydrochloride (46)

Extensive spectroscopic techniques such as IR, UV, MS, GC, GCMS, 1HNMR, homodecoupling, NOE difference experiments, 13C NMR (Broad Band, DEPT), 2D-NMR (J-resolved, COSY-45, NOESY, Hetero COSY, HMQC) and chemical transformations were employed to elucidate the structures of all the isolated and synthetic compounds. The work embodies in part A and B has culminated in fifteen(15) research papers, while six (6) manuscripts are under preparation.

Nutritional Value in Moringa Oleifera Leaves

Moringa Leaves - Vitamins (All values are per 100 grams of edible portion.)
	Fresh Leaves	Dried Leaves
Vitamin A (Arginine Carotene)	6.78 mg	17.6 mg
Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)	0.06 mg	2.02 mg
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)	0.05 mg	21.3 mg
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)	0.8 mg	7.6 mg
Vitamin C	220 mg	15.8 mg
Vitamin E	448 mg	10.8 mg
Vitamin K		2.03 mg

Moringa Leaves - Minerals (All values are per 100 grams of edible portion.)
	Fresh Leaves	Dried Leaves
Calcium	440 mg	2,185 mg
Copper	0.07 mg	0.49 mg
Iron	0.85 mg	25.6 mg
Magnesium	42 mg	448 mg
Phosphorus	70 mg	252 mg
Potassium	259 mg	1,236 mg
Zinc	0.16 mg	3.41 mg

Moringa Leaves - Amino Acids (All values are per 100 grams of edible portion.)
	Fresh Leaves	Dried Leaves
Arginine	406.6 mg	1,027 mg
Histidine	149.8 mg	536 mg
Isoleucine	299.6 mg	932 mg
Leucine	492.2 mg	1,730 mg
Lysine	342.4 mg	1,036 mg
Methionine	117.7 mg	280 mg
Phenylalinine	310.3 mg	1,420 mg
Threonine	117.7 mg	1,080 mg
Tryptophan	107 mg	510 mg
Valine	374.5 mg	875 mg

Moringa Leaves - Other Nutritional Values (All values are per 100 grams of edible portion.)
	Fresh Leaves	Dried Leaves
Calories	92 cal	329 cal
Carbohydrates	12.5 g	41.2 g
Protein	6.70 g	29.4 g
Fibers	0.90 g	19.2 g
Fat	1.70 g	5.2 g

Moringa Oleifera uses.

Moringa Oleifera for Diabetes Relief

- Moringa Oleifera for Healthy Skin

- Moringa Oleifera for Nutrition

- Moringa Oleifera to improve sensory
perception

- Moringa Oleifera to sleep better

- Moringa Oleifera for decreased
depression and anxiety

Moringofit Capsule Moringofit Capsule Packaging 100 capsule per bottle pack. 16 day to 33 days Dose. payment will be received through western union and Easypaisa(for pakistani buyer) For More Detail Contact  0092-332-6359158